As of July 2015 this strategy has been re-instated in the solver..
The principle behind BUG is the observation that any Sudoku where all remaining cells contain just two candidates is fatally flawed. There would have been a last remaining cell with three candidates. The odd number that couldn't be paired with another cell would have to be the solution for that cell in order to prevent the bi-value 'Graveyard'.
Update July 2015
Thanks to Peter Hopkins for re-engaging me with BUG. He has found the original discussion which goes back to November 2005. Here is the link. From my testing of large data sets I believe that every instance of BUG can be solved by an XY-Chain. Hence it is positioned just before that strategy in the solver - it is an easy solution if you can recognise the pattern. Other simpler strategies may also do the same job but not as completely as XY-Chains.
BUG Example
: Load Example
Here is an example written up by Peter
The BUG cell is D8.
Removing candidate 1 from the cell does not create a deadly pattern, since candidate 1 would appear in Row D, Column 8 and Box 6 just once. Removing candidate 2 results in:
Row D containing candidates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 all exactly twice.
Column 8 containing candidates 1, 2, 3 and 4 all exactly twice.
Box 6 containing candidates 1, 2, 3 and 4 all exactly twice.
Every other unit containing unsolved cells in which all candidates appear exactly twice.
Thus, in order to kill the BUG, D8 must be 2.
27 Clue minimal BUG
: From the Start It is possible for the BUG to exist in a sea of bi-value cells, such as this one discovered by Klaus Brenner. It is also notable for have two whole boxes with only bi-value cells.
BUG Exemplars
These puzzles require the Bi-Value Universal Grave strategy at some point.
Only the first is somewhat trivial. They make good practice puzzles.
It seems that when we get BUG, the sudoku can only have one or three solutions. Never two solutions and never more than 3. Can you confirm ? If not, maybe you have a counter-example ?
So we need to check the number of solutions before using 'BUG'. As I don't know uniqueness of solution, I never use 'BUG'. It's the same as all the unique rectangle methods. Is it a correct method to check a new puzzle ?
It seems also that, if we put this BUG test, after XYchains, it will never be usefull. Right ?
Thanks a lot for all explainations. DomP
Wednesday 22-Mar-2023
... by: NeutrinoAnt
Intreresting 'decisive technique' for hard sudoku. Be careful to check if there's another candidates to be removed by naked pair/triple, otherwise it may not be a BUG.
Sunday 12-Jun-2022
... by: Kasper D
I don't think this is a good explanation for a bug. When I tried to use it in a puzzle I got the wrong result. I obviously didn't understand the bug method but I still don't, so I think a better explanation is required. Further, when the puzzle is loaded in the solver it doesn't actually find a bug. Yes, 2 is the right answer for D8, but why? Maybe not caused by a bug?
Sunday 6-Feb-2022
... by: Anonymous
Jonathan, the BUG pattern requires not only bivalue cells, but also every row, column and box having at most two instances of each candidate.
Wednesday 4-Aug-2021
... by: Jonathan Handojo
Alright, this strategy is now proven flawed. I've come across a puzzle where all cells are bi-value cells and can still consist of a unique solution. It's a puzzle that I purchased from the Extreme Pack, so I'm not permitted to sharing it here. Andrew Stuart, I've sent you an email with the puzzle and the step at which I took to make all cells bi-value. I actually played this far myself and wanted to check whether I'm doing the right eliminations. When I thought I saw an XY-Chain that made everything bi-value cells after that, I thought I made a mistake somewhere. So, I used the solver and it happened to also deduced to the same elimination.
Monday 17-Feb-2020
... by: Jan
This technique isn't right because in yellow cell (1.2.3) on first pattern it is missing number 4 candidate.
Andrew Stuart writes:
That is removed by a previous strategy. Two steps are required to clear off enough candidates to use BUG
Monday 21-Jan-2019
... by: David Filmer
I have found a very simple example of a BUG which has only 13 unsolved cells of which 12 have 2 candidates and one has 3 as follows:- 2..4..5.1..1.38.9..3....7.8.7...2..3.6..9...5.4......9..4....6.62.3..8..81..47... I entered it into the Brent Knoll News February 2019 edition and called it Valentine, as the clues are in the shape of a heart with a Cupid's Arrow piercing it!
All the other illustrations of a BUG (above) had many more. Can anyone else find a BUG with less than 13 unsolved cells?
Monday 4-Jan-2016
... by: Pieter, Newtown, Australia
Happy New Year Andrew! AS a person reading about BUG for the first time may I make these suggestions to make this brief explanation clearer: 1. As noted by strmckr on 26/10/15, BUG "requires knowledge of unique rectangles and deadly patterns to apply its technique correctly". Since BUG is applied before URs in the solver, I think a reference should be made (in the first paragraph) to UR's strategy explanation for the novice to get an explanation of "deadly patterns". 2. "Removing candidate 1 from the cell ... " OR candidate 3 3. Adding a numbered point 5. something like "Hence the whole of the unsolved part of the puzzle becomes a deadly bi-value pattern". Not obvious to a BUG novice. ;-)
All the best for the new year!
Ciao Pieter
Monday 26-Oct-2015
... by: strmckr
your placing bug strategies way to high in the hierarchy: most bugs are solvable from a
finned/sashimi x-wing { fish pattern's }
out side of that it requires knowledge of unique rectangles and deadly patterns to apply its technique correctly.
here is another one that is surprising powerful but often missed, the unique rectangle 1.1
http://forum.enjoysudoku.com/how-do-ars-arise-t31045.html#p226670 {there is early posts this one sums it up the best} U.R 1.1
Definition: an a/b/b/a pattern in a solution grid is anything isomorphic to that shown below:
Code: Select all . . . | . a . . | b b . . | a ---------+--- . . . | .
Fact: if a solution grid (not necessarily unique) contains an a/b/b/a pattern on four unclued cells, C, then C=b/a/a/b is also a solution.
Theorem: if a puzzle-in-progress (that does not necessarily have a unique solution) has pencilmarks as shown below on four unclued cells then the bottom right value resolves to '3':
Proof: suppose to the contrary the bottom right value resolves to '1'. Then (vacuously) the solution grid contains the 1/2/2/1 pattern on four unclued cells, C. So, by the Fact above, C=2/1/1/2 is also a solution. But wait! - the pencilmarks do not allow that other solution - contradiction.
denis_berthier wrote: Thanks, RedEd, for this very smart proof.
Before it, UR1.1 was only a conjecture, a matter of belief or disbelief. It is now a valid theorem (we'll see later under what implicit conditions). It shows that a short and clean proof can do what pages of repeated but unsustained claims can't.
Wednesday 14-Oct-2015
... by: mike
can the bug method also be used to solve str8ts puzzles thank you
Andrew Stuart writes:
Interesting question, I'd have to test it to be sure. There exists in Str8ts the idea of deadly rectangles - double solutions based on rectangles, but if this spans two compartments then the deadly pattern might not occur. A positive example would be nice, lots of negative ones don’t really prove it
Sunday 2-Aug-2015
... by: Strmckr
Technically most bugs contain a finned or sashimi X- wing (skyscraper) on a single digit. Which are easier to spot then xy wings and even this. Not to mention bugs and bug lite patterns only function based on uniqueness assumed.
Wednesday 11-Mar-2015
... by: Brett Yarberry
I have found a good example of a solution easily solved by the BUG.
The initial position of the board (loaded in solver) is: LOAD HERE
Andrew Stuart writes:
Requires that Simple Colouring, Y-Chains and X-Cycles are turned off to find this example - just because of the ordering of the strategies in the solver.
I got it from http://homepages.cwi.nl/~aeb/games/sudoku/solving18.html. It can be solved using other methods, but they are of the diabolical class. So this makes for a good application of this technique.
Art
Tuesday 17-May-2011
... by: Peru Boro
Does Bug+1 system always work? Usually it does work but twice it failed me so I want to be sure.Thank you.
Andrew Stuart writes:
Don't know BUG+1, do share a link to someone's explanation if you can.
Wednesday 24-Mar-2010
... by: Sean Forbes
Andrew, While I agree that a more astute player will more than likely identify and utilize some other solving technique before resorting to this one, I find this method very handy in real-time online competitions, especially if I've overlooked one of the more effective solving techniques up to the point when I can recognize the BUG pattern.
Comments
Comments TalkMonday 31-Jul-2023
... by: domP
It seems that when we get BUG, the sudoku can only have one or three solutions. Never two solutions and never more than 3.Can you confirm ? If not, maybe you have a counter-example ?
So we need to check the number of solutions before using 'BUG'.
As I don't know uniqueness of solution, I never use 'BUG'. It's the same as all the unique rectangle methods.
Is it a correct method to check a new puzzle ?
It seems also that, if we put this BUG test, after XYchains, it will never be usefull. Right ?
Thanks a lot for all explainations.
DomP
Wednesday 22-Mar-2023
... by: NeutrinoAnt
Intreresting 'decisive technique' for hard sudoku. Be careful to check if there's another candidates to be removed by naked pair/triple, otherwise it may not be a BUG.Sunday 12-Jun-2022
... by: Kasper D
I don't think this is a good explanation for a bug. When I tried to use it in a puzzle I got the wrong result. I obviously didn't understand the bug method but I still don't, so I think a better explanation is required. Further, when the puzzle is loaded in the solver it doesn't actually find a bug. Yes, 2 is the right answer for D8, but why? Maybe not caused by a bug?Sunday 6-Feb-2022
... by: Anonymous
Jonathan, the BUG pattern requires not only bivalue cells, but also every row, column and box having at most two instances of each candidate.Wednesday 4-Aug-2021
... by: Jonathan Handojo
Alright, this strategy is now proven flawed. I've come across a puzzle where all cells are bi-value cells and can still consist of a unique solution. It's a puzzle that I purchased from the Extreme Pack, so I'm not permitted to sharing it here. Andrew Stuart, I've sent you an email with the puzzle and the step at which I took to make all cells bi-value. I actually played this far myself and wanted to check whether I'm doing the right eliminations. When I thought I saw an XY-Chain that made everything bi-value cells after that, I thought I made a mistake somewhere. So, I used the solver and it happened to also deduced to the same elimination.Monday 17-Feb-2020
... by: Jan
This technique isn't right because in yellow cell (1.2.3) on first pattern it is missing number 4 candidate.Monday 21-Jan-2019
... by: David Filmer
I have found a very simple example of a BUG which has only 13 unsolved cells of which 12 have 2 candidates and one has 3 as follows:-2..4..5.1..1.38.9..3....7.8.7...2..3.6..9...5.4......9..4....6.62.3..8..81..47...
I entered it into the Brent Knoll News February 2019 edition and called it Valentine, as the clues are in the shape of a heart with a Cupid's Arrow piercing it!
All the other illustrations of a BUG (above) had many more. Can anyone else find a BUG with less than 13 unsolved cells?
Monday 4-Jan-2016
... by: Pieter, Newtown, Australia
Happy New Year Andrew!AS a person reading about BUG for the first time may I make these suggestions to make this brief explanation clearer:
1. As noted by strmckr on 26/10/15, BUG "requires knowledge of unique rectangles and deadly patterns to apply its technique correctly". Since BUG is applied before URs in the solver, I think a reference should be made (in the first paragraph) to UR's strategy explanation for the novice to get an explanation of "deadly patterns".
2. "Removing candidate 1 from the cell ... " OR candidate 3
3. Adding a numbered point 5. something like "Hence the whole of the unsolved part of the puzzle becomes a deadly bi-value pattern". Not obvious to a BUG novice. ;-)
All the best for the new year!
Ciao
Pieter
Monday 26-Oct-2015
... by: strmckr
your placing bug strategies way to high in the hierarchy: most bugs are solvable from afinned/sashimi x-wing { fish pattern's }
out side of that it requires knowledge of unique rectangles and deadly patterns to apply its technique correctly.
Bug
http://forum.enjoysudoku.com/the-bug-bivalue-universal-grave-principle-t2352.html#p14899
bug lite
http://forum.enjoysudoku.com/between-uniqueness-and-bug-bug-lite-t3056.html
for reference to the other type of uniqueness based solving techniques also not covered on this site
http://forum.enjoysudoku.com/collection-of-solving-techniques-t3315.html
look up:
reverse bug,
reverse bug lite
mug
here is another one that is surprising powerful but often missed,
the unique rectangle 1.1
http://forum.enjoysudoku.com/how-do-ars-arise-t31045.html#p226670
{there is early posts this one sums it up the best}
U.R 1.1
Definition: an a/b/b/a pattern in a solution grid is anything isomorphic to that shown below:
Code: Select all
. . . | .
a . . | b
b . . | a
---------+---
. . . | .
Fact: if a solution grid (not necessarily unique) contains an a/b/b/a pattern on four unclued cells, C, then C=b/a/a/b is also a solution.
Theorem: if a puzzle-in-progress (that does not necessarily have a unique solution) has pencilmarks as shown below on four unclued cells then the bottom right value resolves to '3':
Code: Select all
. . . | .
1 . . | 2
2 . . | 13
---------+---
. . . | .
Proof: suppose to the contrary the bottom right value resolves to '1'. Then (vacuously) the solution grid contains the 1/2/2/1 pattern on four unclued cells, C. So, by the Fact above, C=2/1/1/2 is also a solution. But wait! - the pencilmarks do not allow that other solution - contradiction.
denis_berthier wrote:
Thanks, RedEd, for this very smart proof.
Before it, UR1.1 was only a conjecture, a matter of belief or disbelief. It is now a valid theorem (we'll see later under what implicit conditions). It shows that a short and clean proof can do what pages of repeated but unsustained claims can't.
Wednesday 14-Oct-2015
... by: mike
can the bug method also be used to solve str8ts puzzles thank youSunday 2-Aug-2015
... by: Strmckr
Technically most bugs contain a finned or sashimi X- wing (skyscraper) on a single digit.Which are easier to spot then xy wings and even this.
Not to mention bugs and bug lite patterns only function based on uniqueness assumed.
Wednesday 11-Mar-2015
... by: Brett Yarberry
I have found a good example of a solution easily solved by the BUG.The initial position of the board (loaded in solver) is: LOAD HERE
Thursday 15-Mar-2012
... by: Arthur Lurvey
When you write up this technique, consider using the following exampleI got it from http://homepages.cwi.nl/~aeb/games/sudoku/solving18.html. It can be solved using other methods, but they are of the diabolical class. So this makes for a good application of this technique.
Art
Tuesday 17-May-2011
... by: Peru Boro
Does Bug+1 system always work? Usually it does work but twice it failed me so I want to be sure.Thank you.Wednesday 24-Mar-2010
... by: Sean Forbes
Andrew, While I agree that a more astute player will more than likely identify and utilize some other solving technique before resorting to this one, I find this method very handy in real-time online competitions, especially if I've overlooked one of the more effective solving techniques up to the point when I can recognize the BUG pattern.Thanks. Sean
Friday 19-Mar-2010
... by: Harmen Dijkstra
i have a sudoku with this strategy: